Diabetes is the disease, caused by the absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin and characterizing by the disturbance of the exchange of carbohydrates with hyperglycemia and glucosuria, and also by other metabolism disturbances.
Diabetes is a very wide spread disease about 2-4% of all people suffer from it. According to the statistical data 50% of patients with diabetes die from the myocardial infarction, from blindness, from atherosclerosis of extremities, pyelonephritis, urolithic disease.
The basic internal reasons which cause diabetes mellitus include: heredity, autoimmune, vascular disorders, obesity.
The external reasons are mental and physical injuries, virus infections, injury, intoxication, hypodynamia.
The insufficiency of insulin leads to the disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Hyperglycemia and glucosuria appears. The production of fats is reduced and disintegration of fats is strengthened. All of these increases the ketonic bodies production . This causes acidosis.
There are different types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes, which is characterized by inability of pancreas to produce insulin. In most cases it appears in young people under 25 years old. Type 1 has the expressed clinical symptomatology including ketoacidosis. It begins very quickly, sometimes with the appearance of diabetic coma.

The main patient complaints are xerostomia, thirst, polyuria(frequent urination), weight loss, weakness, reduction of the ability to work, increased appetite, skin itch, pyoderma, furunculosis. Headache, insomnia, irritability, pain in the heart area and in the gastrocnemius muscles are frequently observed. In patients with decreased immunity tuberculosis, kidney diseases can develop. The increased level of glucose is determined during blood and urine tests.

Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance. It appears usually in elders with the excess weigh of the body. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a slow inception. The level of insulin is usually within the limits of standard or can exceed it. The main complaints are: thirst, frequent urination, the increased appetite, patients suffer obesity.

Diabetes mellitus can have different complications: microangiopathy, neuropathy, angiopathy of the vessels and skin, muscles, accelerated development of atherosclerosis.

Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by dilation of retina's veins, by exudation and petechial hemorrhages into retina, thrombosis of capillaries. In severe cases scaling of retina, atrophy of the optical nerve are possible. Frequently the concomitant eye diseases can occur : blepharitis, the disturbance of refraction and accommodation, cataract, glaucoma and others.

The kidney disorders are manifested with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis and sclerosis of afferent arterioles. Diabetic neuropathy causes the involvements of central and peripheral nervous system.
The patients complain about the numbness, the spasms in the extremities, the pains in the feet. Reflexes, tactile, painful sensitivity are reduced. Also disorders can appear if bladder 's function or potency in men is decreased.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is developed as a result of insulin insufficiency during the incorrect treatment of diabetes mellitus, as a result of diet disturbance, mental and physical injury. This condition is characterized by intensive production of ketone bodies in the liver and an increased level in blood. Some hemodynamic disturbances can be developed.


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